footnote58
Sample size is the largest reported across the time period.
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2020
Effects shown in research
Reductions in child maltreatment
Findings rated high
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No ER visits due to injuries | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 2 | Families with complete medical record data, Alaska trial | 268 children | % = 19.00 | % = 22.00 | OR = 0.81 | HomVEE calculated = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| No hospitalizations due to injuries | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 2 | Families with complete medical record data, Alaska trial | 268 children | % = 63.00 | % = 58.00 | OR = 1.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| No injuries requiring medical care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 2 | Families with complete medical record data, Alaska trial | 268 children | % = 71.00 | % = 68.00 | OR = 1.10 | HomVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 20.00 | % = 22.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 35.00 | % = 35.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 42.00 | % = 44.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Assault on child’s self-esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.90 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 58.00 | % = 57.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not available | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 75.00 | % = 74.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 77.00 | % = 75.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past week) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.07 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 76.00 | % = 83.00 | = -7.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.26 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 90.00 | % = 94.00 | = -4.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.34 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 92.00 | % = 95.00 | = -3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.30 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Common corporal/verbal punishment (past year) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.59 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 1.00 | % = 1.00 | = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 4.00 | % = 4.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 4.00 | % = 2.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.43 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Extreme physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.26 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 9.00 | % = 8.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 20.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 28.00 | % = 22.00 | = -6.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.19 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Hitting with an object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.22 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Hospitalizations for trauma | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 573 children | % = 1.50 | % = 1.70 | = 0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 68.00 | % = 70.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 86.00 | % = 85.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.05 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 86.00 | % = 86.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Minor physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.90 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 30.00 | = -8.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.25 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 23.00 | % = 28.00 | = -5.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.16 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 27.00 | = -5.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.16 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Neglect (Revised CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.72 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 24.00 | % = 32.00 | = -8.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.24 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 27.00 | % = 26.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 26.00 | % = 29.00 | = -7.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.09 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Neglect (Traditional CTS measure) (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 98.00 | % = 99.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.43 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 100.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Nonviolent discipline, ever used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 100.00 | % = 100.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Mean = 33.00 | Mean = 30.90 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | Mean = 45.70 | Mean = 42.40 | Mean difference = 3.30 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | Mean = 47.00 | Mean = 46.10 | Mean difference = 0.90 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Nonviolent discipline, times used in past year (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | Mean difference = 1.80 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 69.00 | % = 74.00 | = -5.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 86.00 | % = 88.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.11 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 88.00 | % = 89.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 0.76 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote58Sample size is the largest reported across the time period. |
| Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 4.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.26 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 14.00 | % = 15.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 541 mothers | % = 22.00 | % = 15.00 | = 7.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.28 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Severe physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1-3 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | Not available | Not available | OR = 1.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Shook child (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 558 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 6.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported | |
| Shook child (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 549 mothers | % = 6.00 | % = 6.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Statistical significance not reported |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological mother confirmed subject—neglect, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 22.96 | Adjusted mean % = 20.68 | OR = 1.14 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Biological mother confirmed subject—physical abuse, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 4.47 | Adjusted mean % = 4.24 | OR = 1.06 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Biological mother confirmed subject—sexual abuse, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Mean % = 0.00 | Mean % = 0.70 | OR = 0.00 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Biological mother confirmed subject, cumulative number | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.42 | Adjusted mean = 0.42 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Biological mother or target child confirmed subject or victim of CPS report, cumulative number | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.54 | Adjusted mean = 0.55 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Biological mother or target child confirmed subject or victim of CPS report, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 29.55 | Adjusted mean % = 27.10 | OR = 1.13 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Foster care placement—target child, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 4.83 | Adjusted mean % = 4.90 | OR = 0.99 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Minor physical aggression frequency(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.36 | Adjusted mean = 4.51 | Mean difference = -0.15 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Minor physical aggression prevalence(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 64.12 | Adjusted mean % = 59.17 | OR = 1.25 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Neglect frequency(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Adjusted mean = 0.64 | Mean difference = -0.11 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Neglect prevalence(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 15.77 | Adjusted mean % = 16.74 | OR = 0.93 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Non-violent discipline frequency(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean = 49.27 | Adjusted mean = 45.27 | Mean difference = 4.00 | Study reported = 0.14 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Non-violent discipline prevalence)(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Unadjusted mean % = 100.00 | Unadjusted mean % = 98.60 | Mean difference = 1.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression frequency(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean = 15.33 | Adjusted mean = 15.21 | Mean difference = 0.12 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression prevalence(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 87.92 | Adjusted mean % = 86.49 | OR = 1.18 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Serious physical abuse frequency(CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.03 | Adjusted mean = 0.15 | Mean difference = -0.12 | Study reported = -0.20 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Serious physical aggressionprevalence (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 897 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 1.76 | Adjusted mean % = 3.18 | OR = 0.55 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Target child confirmed victim—neglect, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 24.29 | Adjusted mean % = 22.95 | OR = 1.08 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Target child confirmed victim—physical abuse, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean % = 4.09 | Adjusted mean % = 3.05 | OR = 1.36 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Target child confirmed victim—sexual abuse, cumulative rate | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Mean % = 0.20 | Mean % = 0.70 | OR = 0.26 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Target child confirmed victim, cumulative number | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
7 year | New York sample | 1173 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.39 | Adjusted mean = 0.41 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 1.21 | Adjusted mean = 1.81 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Frequency of harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.37 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of minor physical aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 2.40 | Adjusted mean = 3.46 | Mean difference = -1.06 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Frequency of minor physical aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.19 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 0.21 | Adjusted mean = 0.21 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.24 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 3.34 | Adjusted mean = 4.74 | Mean difference = -1.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Frequency of psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.47 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.26 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 0.01 | Adjusted mean = 0.01 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Frequency of serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Frequency of very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 0.01 | Adjusted mean = 0.08 | Mean difference = -0.07 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Frequency of very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 32.67 | Adjusted mean % = 36.12 | = -3.45 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Harsh parenting in the past week (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 53.12 | Adjusted mean % = 54.58 | = -1.46 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Minor physical aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 64.50 | Adjusted mean % = 64.55 | = -0.05 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Minor physical aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 39.60 | Adjusted mean % = 44.42 | = -4.82 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 5.52 | Adjusted mean % = 8.27 | = -2.75 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 8.09 | Adjusted mean % = 7.18 | = 0.91 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Number of substantiated abuse or neglect reports | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | Adjusted mean = 0.09 | Adjusted mean = 0.07 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Number of substantiated abuse or neglect reports | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | Adjusted mean = 0.27 | Adjusted mean = 0.53 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 51.18 | Adjusted mean % = 56.13 | = -4.95 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 76.44 | Adjusted mean % = 77.74 | = -1.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 5.67 | Adjusted mean % = 7.28 | = -1.61 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Serious abuse and neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 6.78 | Adjusted mean % = 7.83 | = -1.05 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 0.85 | % = 0.81 | = 0.04 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 0.60 | Adjusted mean % = 1.21 | = -0.61 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Substantiated abuse or neglect report | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 7.90 | Adjusted mean % = 5.98 | = 1.92 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Substantiated abuse or neglect report | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 5.08 | Adjusted mean % = 4.80 | = 0.28 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1060 families | % (adjusted) = 0.93 | Adjusted mean % = 1.33 | = -0.40 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Very serious physical abuse (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, NY Trial | 992 families | % (adjusted) = 2.62 | Adjusted mean % = 2.85 | = -0.23 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of days in out-of-home care, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted mean = 15.21 | Unadjusted mean = 12.74 | Mean difference = 2.47 | Not available | Not reported | Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| Number of substantiated abuse allegations, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.01 | Unadjusted mean = 0.01 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not reported | Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| Number of substantiated maltreatment reports, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.07 | Unadjusted mean = 0.07 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not reported | Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| Number of substantiated neglect allegations, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted mean = 0.07 | Unadjusted mean = 0.07 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not reported | Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| Percentage with at least one out-of-home placement, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.03 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 | footnote446Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| Percentage with at least one substantiated maltreatment report, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.41 | footnote446Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| Percentage with at least one substantiated neglect report, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.40 | footnote446Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
| Percentage with at least one substantiated physical or sexual abuse report, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 children | Unadjusted proportion = 0.01 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.01 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.29 | Statistically significant, p = 0.00 | footnote446Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. Negative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 422 families | % = 24.00 | % = 22.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Any neglect (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 382 families | % = 18.00 | % = 21.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mild physical assault frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 422 families | Mean = 2.10 | Mean = 2.30 | Mean difference = -0.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mild physical assault frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 382 families | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = -1.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.29 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Mild physical assault prevalence (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 422 families | % = 51.00 | % = 54.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mild physical assault prevalence (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 382 families | % = 70.00 | % = 78.00 | = -8.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Physical abuse frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 422 families | Mean = 0.17 | Mean = 0.26 | Mean difference = -0.09 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Physical abuse frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 382 families | Mean = 0.13 | Mean = 0.46 | Mean difference = -0.33 | HomVEE calculated = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Physical abuse prevalence (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 382 families | % = 5.00 | % = 10.00 | = -5.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.45 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Physical abuse prevalence (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 422 families | % = 6.00 | % = 10.00 | = -4.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.34 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 422 families | Mean = 2.70 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = -0.50 | HomVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 382 families | Mean = 4.80 | Mean = 6.00 | Mean difference = -1.20 | HomVEE calculated = -0.27 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression prevalence (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 422 families | % = 59.00 | % = 63.00 | = 4.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression prevalence (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 382 families | % = 79.00 | % = 85.00 | = 6.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substantiated CPS reports | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Georgia trial | 249 families | % = 6.90 | % = 5.00 | = 1.90 | HomVEE calculated = 0.20 | Statistical significance not reported |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever had injury needing medical care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 children | % = 9.00 | % = 11.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Ever had injury needing medical care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Years 1 and 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 534 children | % = 22.00 | % = 24.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common corporal punishment (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 91.00 | % = 92.00 | OR = 0.80 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Common corporal punishment (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 19.48 | Adjusted mean = 24.17 | Mean difference = -4.69 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Corporal/verbal punishment (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 66.00 | % = 68.00 | OR = 0.92 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Corporal/verbal punishment Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.02 | Adjusted mean = 4.57 | Mean difference = -0.55 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Extreme physical punishment (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 2.00 | % = 3.00 | OR = 0.75 | HomVEE calculated = -0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Extreme physical punishment Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.19 | Adjusted mean = 0.04 | Mean difference = 0.15 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Hit with object (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 10.00 | % = 5.00 | OR = 2.40 | HomVEE calculated = 0.45 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Hit with object Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.33 | Adjusted mean = 0.46 | Mean difference = -0.13 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mild physical assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 80.00 | % = 85.00 | OR = 0.70 | HomVEE calculated = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mild physical assault Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.56 | Adjusted mean = 11.93 | Mean difference = -2.38 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Neglectful behavior (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 19.00 | % = 22.00 | OR = 0.81 | HomVEE calculated = -0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Neglectful behavior Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.92 | Adjusted mean = 0.75 | Mean difference = 0.16 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Neglectful behavior revised (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 18.00 | % = 18.00 | OR = 0.97 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Neglectful behavior revised Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.65 | Adjusted mean = 0.66 | Mean difference = -0.01 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 84.00 | % = 83.00 | OR = 1.10 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Psychological aggression Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.17 | Adjusted mean = 13.09 | Mean difference = -1.92 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Severe assault Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.41 | Adjusted mean = 0.30 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Severe assault (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 9.00 | % = 7.00 | OR = 1.28 | HomVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Substantiated CPS reports, all types | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 1 | Full sample, Alaska trial | 309 families | % = 12.00 | % = 10.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Substantiated CPS reports, all types | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 2 | Full sample, Alaska trial | 297 families | % = 9.00 | % = 9.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Substantiated CPS reports, neglect | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 1 | Full sample, Alaska trial | 309 families | % = 10.00 | % = 6.00 | = 4.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.34 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Substantiated CPS reports, neglect | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Child age 2 | Full sample, Alaska trial | 297 families | % = 6.00 | % = 7.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Threat to esteem (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | % = 24.00 | % = 22.00 | OR = 1.17 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Threat to esteem Frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at follow-up, Alaska trial | 246 mothers | Adjusted mean = 0.95 | Adjusted mean = 0.64 | Mean difference = 0.31 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Findings rated moderate
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use of mild physical strategies, frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.00 | Adjusted mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Use of nonviolent disciplinary strategies, frequency (CTS-PC) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | Adjusted mean = 50.40 | Adjusted mean = 50.50 | Mean difference = -0.05 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Permanent custody loss |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
408 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.03 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Substantiated child maltreatment reports |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
8 years |
HFM vs. comparison, Massachusetts Healthy Families Evaluation 2 (MHFE -2), Tier 6 full sample |
408 mother/child dyads | Unadjusted proportion = 0.36 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.39 | Mean difference = -0.03 | HomVEE calculated = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Negative effect is favorableNegative effect is favorable to the intervention. |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: any type of maltreatment (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: neglect and physical abuse (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: neglect only (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: physical abuse only (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment by any perpetrator: total substantiations (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: any type of maltreatment (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: neglect and physical abuse (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: neglect only (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: physical abuse only (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Substantiated child maltreatment, mother perpetrated: total substantiations (DCF reports) - Impact sample | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year post-enrollment | HFM Impact sample | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spanked child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample | 165 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.23 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Authors report a positive effect as a reduction in violence. |
| Threatened child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample | 165 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Study reported = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | Authors report a positive effect as a reduction in violence. |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ER visits due to injury or ingestion | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 children | % = 3.80 | % = 6.20 | = -2.40 | HomVEE calculated = -0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substantiated maltreatment (administrative data) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
within 27 months post-enrollment | MA sample | 690 children | Not reported | Not reported | OR = 0.88 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.59 |